U.S. House · Iowa's 1st District

Southeast Iowa, including Davenport, Burlington, Ottumwa, and Fort Madison

General election · Tuesday, November 3, 2026

✓ Fact-checked 2026-09-25: 24 claims re-checked against their sources · 6 corrected · 0 removed

A second, independent research pass re-opened every cited source for this race and corrected or removed anything the source didn’t support.

  • Fixed mis-sourced background: three claims about Bohannan (University of Florida degrees, engineer/law professor career, Iowa House service) cited the wrong source (s2, Miller-Meeks's own Ballotpedia page, which contains none of this) instead of Bohannan's own Ballotpedia page; added that page as a new source (s7) and re-cited these facts and the 'sponsored legislation' record item to it, and removed the unconfirmed '26 years' teaching-tenure detail.
  • Corrected Bohannan's rent_regulation priority text from 'family homes and farmland' to 'family homes and land', matching her campaign site's actual wording (the source doesn't mention farmland specifically).
  • Made the tariff-position summary more precise: Bohannan's campaign material says Miller-Meeks voted 'five times' for tariffs, not just 'multiple times'.
  • Corrected/completed Miller-Meeks's 2025-2026 committee record, which omitted her Energy subcommittee seat on Energy and Commerce and left out her membership and chairmanship (Health Subcommittee) on the House Committee on Veterans' Affairs entirely.

On the ballot · 3 candidates

Where they stand — side by side

Only positions documented in a cited source are shown. Where an officeholder’s recorded votes speak to an issue, the votes set the position (marked “votes”). A dash means we found no clear public position — not that the candidate has none.

ISSUEMariannette Miller-Meeks
R
Christina Bohannan
D
Michael Bridgford
IND
Protect legal access to abortionOpposes[23][24]votes——
Stricter gun lawsOpposes[21][22]votesSupports[8]votes—
Expand immigration enforcement and deportationsSupports[11][12][13][14][15][16]votes——
Stronger rent regulation and tenant protections—Supports[5]—
Raise taxes on high earners or corporationsOpposes[12][13][14][19]votesSupports[9]votes—
Expand public health coverageOpposes[12][13][14][17]votesSupports[5]—
Faster transition away from fossil fuelsOpposes[12][13][14][18][19]votesSupports[5]—
Broad tariffs on imported goodsSupports[20]votesOpposes[5]—
Universal, publicly funded child careOpposes[18]votes——

The candidates, in full

Mariannette Miller-Meeks

RINCUMBENTU.S. Representative, Iowa's 1st District (since 2023); previously represented the 2nd District (2021-2023)

Advanced from the June 2 Republican primary

Miller-Meeks is the Republican incumbent for Iowa's 1st Congressional District, seeking a third term in this district (fourth overall House term). She is a physician and U.S. Army veteran who previously served in the Iowa State Senate.[2]

Basic profile — the most important sourced facts we found.

Key votes in Congress

  • NoWar Powers Resolution directing removal of forces from Iran hostilities · H. Con. Res. 86 · Passed 215–208 · 2026-06-03 roll call ↗The resolution directs the President to remove U.S. armed forces from hostilities with Iran that Congress has not authorized, invoking the War Powers Resolution. It passed the House with support from Democrats and a number of Republicans.
  • NoResolution disapproving tariffs on Canada · H.J. Res. 72 · Passed 219–211 · 2026-02-11 roll call ↗The resolution terminates the national emergency the President declared in February 2025 to justify a 25 percent tariff on imports from Canada, ending that tariff if it becomes law. It passed with a bipartisan majority, including several Republicans who broke with the administration on trade policy.
  • YesConsolidated Appropriations Act, 2026 — full-year government funding · H.R. 7148 · Passed 217–214 · 2026-02-03 roll call ↗The bill provides full-year discretionary appropriations for federal agencies for the remainder of fiscal year 2026, replacing the stopgap funding enacted after the fall 2025 shutdown. It sets spending levels across defense and non-defense programs through September 2026.
  • NoBreaking the Gridlock Act — ACA subsidy extension · H.R. 1834 · Passed 230–196 · 2026-01-08 roll call ↗The bill extends for additional years the enhanced Affordable Care Act premium tax credits that were expanded in 2021 and had lapsed at the end of 2025, lowering health-insurance premiums for people who buy coverage on ACA marketplaces. It passed with support from nearly all Democrats and a small group of Republicans.
  • NoWar Powers Resolution on Venezuela · H. Con. Res. 64 · Failed 211–213 · 2025-12-17 roll call ↗The resolution would have directed the President to remove U.S. armed forces from hostilities in or against Venezuela that Congress had not authorized. It failed after U.S. military strikes on suspected drug-trafficking vessels off Venezuela had raised questions in Congress about the administration's legal authority for military action in the region.
  • YesNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026 — final passage · S. 1071 · Passed 312–112 · 2025-12-10 roll call ↗The fiscal year 2026 NDAA authorizes roughly $900 billion in defense spending, including a pay raise for service members and funding for shipbuilding, munitions, and missile-defense programs. It also sets policy on military personnel, procurement, and other Defense Department programs for the year.
  • YesEpstein Files Transparency Act · H.R. 4405 · Passed 427–1 · 2025-11-18 roll call ↗The bill directs the Department of Justice to publicly release its investigative files related to Jeffrey Epstein within 30 days, while allowing redactions to protect victim identities, ongoing investigations, and law enforcement techniques. It passed with near-unanimous support.
  • YesContinuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2026 — shutdown-ending vote · H.R. 5371 · Passed 222–209 · 2025-11-12 roll call ↗The bill reopened the federal government after a 43-day shutdown by funding most agencies through January 30, 2026, and providing full-year funding for a smaller group of agencies through September 2026. It also reversed shutdown-related federal layoffs and funded SNAP benefits retroactively.
  • YesCLARITY Act — digital asset market structure · H.R. 3633 · Passed 294–134 · 2025-07-17 roll call ↗The CLARITY Act creates a regulatory framework dividing oversight of digital assets between the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. It sets registration and disclosure requirements for cryptocurrency exchanges and other digital-asset intermediaries.
  • YesGENIUS Act — stablecoin regulation · S. 1582 · Passed 308–122 · 2025-07-17 roll call ↗The GENIUS Act creates a federal regulatory framework for payment stablecoins, requiring issuers to hold reserves backing their tokens on a one-to-one basis and to comply with new disclosure and licensing rules. It was the first major piece of cryptocurrency legislation enacted into federal law.
  • YesOne Big Beautiful Bill Act — final passage · H.R. 1 · Passed 218–214 · 2025-07-03 roll call ↗H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, extends and expands the 2017 tax cuts, adds new deductions for tips, overtime pay, and seniors, and raises the cap on state and local tax deductions. It increases border security and defense spending while cutting projected Medicaid and SNAP spending and adding new work requirements; President Trump signed it into law on July 4, 2025.
  • YesRescissions Act of 2025 · H.R. 4 · Passed 214–212 · 2025-06-12 roll call ↗The Rescissions Act canceled about $9 billion in previously approved federal spending, mostly for foreign aid programs and for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. It was the first rescissions package Congress had approved in decades.
  • YesOne Big Beautiful Bill Act — House passage · H.R. 1 · Passed 215–214 · 2025-05-22 roll call ↗H.R. 1 extends and modifies the 2017 individual and business tax cuts, creates new deductions for tips and overtime pay, and increases spending on border security and defense. It also reduces projected spending on Medicaid and food-assistance programs and adds new work requirements for some recipients.
  • YesSAVE Act — proof-of-citizenship voter registration · H.R. 22 · Passed 220–208 · 2025-04-10 roll call ↗The SAVE Act would require individuals to provide documentary proof of U.S. citizenship in person when registering to vote in federal elections. It also directs states to establish procedures to remove noncitizens identified on voter rolls.
  • YesFull-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025 · H.R. 1968 · Passed 217–213 · 2025-03-11 roll call ↗The bill funded the federal government through the remainder of fiscal year 2025, largely at prior-year spending levels, averting a shutdown ahead of a March 14 deadline. It also extended several expiring health and other program authorizations.
  • YesLaken Riley Act — final passage · S. 5 · Passed 263–156 · 2025-01-22 roll call ↗The Laken Riley Act requires the Department of Homeland Security to detain undocumented immigrants who are arrested, charged, or convicted for theft, burglary, or certain violent crimes. It also allows state attorneys general to sue the federal government over certain immigration enforcement decisions.
  • YesSecure the Border Act of 2023 — House passage · H.R. 2 · Passed 219–213 · 2023-05-11 roll call ↗Would have resumed border-wall construction, restricted asylum eligibility, expanded detention, and mandated E-Verify for employers.
  • NoInflation Reduction Act — final House passage · H.R. 5376 · Passed 220–207 · 2022-08-12 roll call ↗Enacted clean-energy and climate tax credits, a 15% minimum tax on large corporations' book income, a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks, and Medicare drug-price negotiation.
  • NoAssault Weapons Ban of 2022 — House passage · H.R. 1808 · Passed 217–213 · 2022-07-29 roll call ↗Would have banned the sale, manufacture and import of many semiautomatic assault weapons and large-capacity magazines.
  • NoWomen's Health Protection Act of 2022 — House passage · H.R. 8296 · Passed 219–210 · 2022-07-15 roll call ↗Passed after Dobbs; would have created a federal statutory right to abortion services and limited state restrictions.
  • NoBipartisan Safer Communities Act — final House passage · S. 2938 · Passed 234–193 · 2022-06-24 roll call ↗Expanded background checks for buyers under 21, funded state red-flag and crisis-intervention programs, and narrowed the "boyfriend loophole."
  • NoBuild Back Better Act — House passage · H.R. 5376 · Passed 220–213 · 2021-11-19 roll call ↗Would have funded clean-energy tax credits, universal pre-kindergarten and child-care subsidies, and extended health-coverage subsidies; it did not pass the Senate.
  • NoWomen's Health Protection Act of 2021 — House passage · H.R. 3755 · Passed 218–211 · 2021-09-24 roll call ↗Would have created a federal statutory right for providers to offer, and patients to receive, abortion services, limiting state restrictions.
  • NoAmerican Dream and Promise Act of 2021 — House passage · H.R. 6 · Passed 228–197 · 2021-03-18 roll call ↗Would have created a path to permanent legal status for many undocumented immigrants brought to the U.S. as children and for certain TPS and DED holders.

On the record — official actions

  • billCosponsored H.R. 1, the Lower Energy Costs Act, aimed at ending restrictions on energy production and streamlining permitting; it passed the House with bipartisan support.[3]
  • billIntroduced the Critical Infrastructure Manufacturing Feasibility Act, which passed the House and directs a federal study on domestic manufacturing of critical-infrastructure goods.[3]
  • billIntroduced the Refrigerator Freedom Act, which passed the House and limits the Department of Energy's authority to implement certain appliance efficiency regulations.[3]
  • actionLed efforts to allow year-round sale of E15 fuel in Iowa and nationally.[3]
  • actionServes on the House Committee on House Administration (Elections subcommittee), the Committee on Energy and Commerce (Health, Energy, and Environment subcommittees), and chairs the Health Subcommittee of the House Committee on Veterans' Affairs, 2025-2026.[2]

Positions on the issues

  • OpposesFaster transition away from fossil fuelsFrom recorded votes

    Voted yes on One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1, 2025-05-22; 2025-07-03), which phased out Inflation Reduction Act clean-energy tax credits. Voted no on Build Back Better Act (H.R. 5376, 2021-11-19; 2022-08-12), which would have funded clean-energy tax credits.[12][13][14][18][19]

    What they say: Miller-Meeks's issues page criticizes restrictions on fossil fuel production and describes cosponsoring the Lower Energy Costs Act to expand oil, gas, and mineral production and streamline permitting.[3]

  • SupportsBroad tariffs on imported goodsFrom recorded votes

    Voted no on Resolution disapproving tariffs on Canada (H.J. Res. 72, 2026-02-11).[20]

    What they say: According to her Democratic opponent's campaign, Miller-Meeks has voted five times for tariffs in the 119th Congress; her own issues pages do not address tariffs directly.[5]

  • SupportsExpand immigration enforcement and deportationsFrom recorded votes

    Voted yes on Laken Riley Act (S. 5, 2025-01-22). Voted yes on One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1, 2025-05-22; 2025-07-03), which funded expanded immigration enforcement, detention and border operations. Voted yes on Secure the Border Act of 2023 (H.R. 2, 2023-05-11). Voted no on American Dream and Promise Act of 2021 (H.R. 6, 2021-03-18).[11][12][13][14][15][16]

  • OpposesExpand public health coverageFrom recorded votes

    Voted yes on One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1, 2025-05-22; 2025-07-03), which reduced federal Medicaid spending and added Medicaid work requirements. Voted no on Breaking the Gridlock Act (H.R. 1834, 2026-01-08).[12][13][14][17]

  • OpposesRaise taxes on high earners or corporationsFrom recorded votes

    Voted yes on One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1, 2025-05-22; 2025-07-03), which made the 2017 individual tax rates, including the 37% top rate, permanent. Voted no on Inflation Reduction Act (H.R. 5376, 2022-08-12), which added a 15% minimum tax on large corporations and a stock-buyback excise tax.[12][13][14][19]

  • OpposesUniversal, publicly funded child careFrom recorded votes

    Voted no on Build Back Better Act (H.R. 5376, 2021-11-19), which would have funded universal pre-K and child-care subsidies.[18]

  • OpposesStricter gun lawsFrom recorded votes

    Voted no on Assault Weapons Ban of 2022 (H.R. 1808, 2022-07-29). Voted no on Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (S. 2938, 2022-06-24).[21][22]

  • OpposesProtect legal access to abortionFrom recorded votes

    Voted no on Women's Health Protection Act of 2021 (H.R. 3755, 2021-09-24). Voted no on Women's Health Protection Act of 2022 (H.R. 8296, 2022-07-15).[23][24]

In their words — priorities

  • Promote U.S. energy production and independence, including expanded oil, gas, and biofuels production and streamlined permitting.[3]
  • Strengthen border security and immigration enforcement.[4]

Background

  • Born in Herlong, California, Miller-Meeks served in the U.S. Army for 24 years.[2]
  • She earned a bachelor's degree in nursing from Texas Christian University (1976), a master's degree from the University of Southern California (1980), and a medical degree from the University of Texas Health Science Center (1986).[2]
  • Her career includes work as a nurse, an ophthalmologist, and director of the Iowa Department of Public Health. She served in the Iowa State Senate (District 41, 2019-2021) before being elected to the U.S. House in 2020.[2]

Campaign money

Raised $7.2M · spent $2.9M · $4.7M cash on hand (through 2026-06-30) FEC filing ↗

Christina Bohannan

DFormer member, Iowa House of Representatives

Bohannan is a Democratic former Iowa state representative, University of Iowa law professor, and engineer challenging Miller-Meeks for a third time. Her campaign centers on lowering costs for Iowans and reducing the influence of special-interest money in Congress.[5]

Basic profile — the most important sourced facts we found.

On the record — official actions

  • vote2021-03-17 · Voted no on HF 756 (removing the permit requirement to carry a handgun in Iowa), which passed the Iowa House 60-37 on 2021-03-17.[8]
  • vote2021-02-24 · Voted no on SF 413 (an elections bill shortening the absentee-voting window and tightening voter-list maintenance), which passed the Iowa House 57-37 on 2021-02-24.[10]
  • vote2022-02-16 · Voted no on HF 2317 (replacing Iowa's graduated income tax with a 3.9% flat tax), which passed the Iowa House 61-37 on 2022-02-16.[9]

Positions on the issues

  • OpposesBroad tariffs on imported goods

    Bohannan's platform calls for Congress to end broad tariffs, which she says have raised costs for Iowa families and farmers.[5]

    “Exercising Congress's power to end the disastrous tariffs that are one of the biggest tax increases in American history and have left Iowans to pay thousands per year in higher costs”
  • SupportsStronger rent regulation and tenant protections

    Bohannan's platform calls for prohibiting hedge funds and private investors from buying up family homes and land.[5]

  • SupportsExpand public health coverage

    Bohannan's platform calls for letting Medicare negotiate lower prescription drug prices and capping insulin costs at $35 per month for everyone.[5]

  • SupportsFaster transition away from fossil fuels

    Bohannan's platform calls for expanding Iowa's clean energy economy and cracking down on utility monopolies to lower energy bills.[5]

  • SupportsStricter gun lawsFrom recorded votes

    Voted no on HF 756 (removing the permit requirement to carry a handgun), which passed the Iowa House 60-37 on 2021-03-17.[8]

  • SupportsRaise taxes on high earners or corporationsFrom recorded votes

    Voted no on HF 2317 (replacing Iowa's graduated income tax with a 3.9% flat tax), which passed the Iowa House 61-37 on 2022-02-16.[9]

In their words — priorities

  • Lower costs for Iowans by ending broad tariffs, capping insulin costs at $35 per month, and letting Medicare negotiate lower prescription drug prices.[5]
  • Prohibit hedge funds and private investors from buying up family homes and land, and build and rehabilitate more housing.[5]
  • Reduce the influence of special-interest and corporate campaign money in Congress.[5]

Background

  • Bohannan earned a degree in environmental engineering and a law degree, both from the University of Florida.[6]
  • She worked as an engineer with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and as a law professor with the University of Iowa.[6]
  • She previously served as a Democratic member of the Iowa House of Representatives, District 85 (2021-2023).[6]

Campaign money

Raised $7.1M · spent $1.7M · $5.4M cash on hand (through 2026-06-30) FEC filing ↗

Michael Bridgford

IND

Bridgford is an independent financial advisor and small-business owner running as an independent candidate for Iowa's 1st Congressional District.[7]

Basic profile — the most important sourced facts we found.

Background

  • Earned an MBA from Northwestern University.[7]
  • Works as an independent financial advisor and small-business owner.[7]

Campaign money

Raised $190K · spent $65K · $125K cash on hand (through 2026-06-30) FEC filing ↗

Research notes & limits

Miller-Meeks's tariff position is only documented through her opponent's campaign materials (a candidate source about the other candidate), not through Miller-Meeks's own statements; treat with appropriate caution. Bohannan's own record as a state legislator was not itemized bill-by-bill within the research budget.

Sources · 24

Researched 2026-09-25. Green citations are official government records.

  1. 1.United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa, 2026 · Ballotpedia · 2026-09-25 Reference
  2. 2.Mariannette Miller-Meeks · Ballotpedia · 2026-09-25 Reference
  3. 3.Economy · Office of Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks · 2026-09-25 Official record
  4. 4.Border Security · Office of Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks · 2026-09-25 Official record
  5. 5.Priorities · Christina Bohannan for Congress (campaign site) · 2026-09-25 Candidate's own words
  6. 6.Christina Bohannan · Ballotpedia · 2026-09-25 Reference
  7. 7.Michael Bridgford · Ballotpedia · 2026-09-25 Reference
  8. 8.Journal of the House, 66th Day, March 17, 2021 (HF 756 roll call) · Iowa Legislature · 2021-03-17 Official record
  9. 9.Journal of the House, 38th Day, February 16, 2022 (HF 2317 roll call) · Iowa Legislature · 2022-02-16 Official record
  10. 10.Journal of the House, 45th Day, February 24, 2021 (SF 413 roll call) · Iowa Legislature · 2021-02-24 Official record
  11. 11.Roll call: Laken Riley Act — final passage · Office of the Clerk, U.S. House · 2025-01-22 Official record
  12. 12.Roll call: One Big Beautiful Bill Act — House passage · Office of the Clerk, U.S. House · 2025-05-22 Official record
  13. 13.H.R. 1 (119th Congress) — One Big Beautiful Bill Act: text and summary · Congress.gov Official record
  14. 14.Roll call: One Big Beautiful Bill Act — final passage · Office of the Clerk, U.S. House · 2025-07-03 Official record
  15. 15.Roll call: Secure the Border Act of 2023 — House passage · Office of the Clerk, U.S. House · 2023-05-11 Official record
  16. 16.Roll call: American Dream and Promise Act of 2021 — House passage · Office of the Clerk, U.S. House · 2021-03-18 Official record
  17. 17.Roll call: Breaking the Gridlock Act — ACA subsidy extension · Office of the Clerk, U.S. House · 2026-01-08 Official record
  18. 18.Roll call: Build Back Better Act — House passage · Office of the Clerk, U.S. House · 2021-11-19 Official record
  19. 19.Roll call: Inflation Reduction Act — final House passage · Office of the Clerk, U.S. House · 2022-08-12 Official record
  20. 20.Roll call: Resolution disapproving tariffs on Canada · Office of the Clerk, U.S. House · 2026-02-11 Official record
  21. 21.Roll call: Assault Weapons Ban of 2022 — House passage · Office of the Clerk, U.S. House · 2022-07-29 Official record
  22. 22.Roll call: Bipartisan Safer Communities Act — final House passage · Office of the Clerk, U.S. House · 2022-06-24 Official record
  23. 23.Roll call: Women's Health Protection Act of 2021 — House passage · Office of the Clerk, U.S. House · 2021-09-24 Official record
  24. 24.Roll call: Women's Health Protection Act of 2022 — House passage · Office of the Clerk, U.S. House · 2022-07-15 Official record